History of English Languange

 

History of English Languange

1.1     BACKGROUND

Language is a means of communication from the community who used to speak in everyday life. According to Noam Chomsky (1957) language is a form of verse that according to rules or formulas of grammar. Thus, language is a behavior that is set by formulas. Language is a form and not a State (language may be the form and not matter) or something the sound symbol arbitrer systems, or systems of systems (Mackey, 1986:12). Language is one of the important things in life history then by human language will communicate to achieve his goal.

              Trudgill (1974:14) States that the social function of language is to build social relationships and to convey meaning in a speaker. Like his things stations language, the language became the language of the national level and are used throughout the world as the interaction to a stranger. English has also undergone a change. There are four main periods in the development of the English language. Changes in English many experience innovations that emerged concurrently including at the time of Renaissance. This was early modern English, which is the third period of the development happens on the 1500 to 1800. With the advance of development of science at that time brought many words from Latin and classical Greece into early Modern English. For pronunciation, grammar and spelling most of almost the same. Vocabulary that exists is the result of two factors.

Thomson (2001:1) argues that language is the event contact the use of more than one language in the same place and time. The use of this language is not demanding speakers to speak fluently as a person who could be two languages or more than two languages, but the occurrence of two speakers communication different languages also categorized as the event contact baahasa. For example, when two groups of tourists mutually lend tools Cook for two or three hours, they surely will try to communicate with each other, though perhaps in a very simple form, already entered in your contacts. So the contact language is one of the events that result in direct contact with the caller in ways to communicate using language.

Renaissance is the period in which the English language began to rise again after the middle english and French when it peaked to various circles and that's when the English began in the twentieth century a.d. 1500. In this paper, I analyze consequences influences contact us languages communication in middle english to the rennaissans

 

 I.2 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATIONS

1.      What affects communication as a contact language? (factor)

2.      How the communications community in using language from middle english to rennainsse with the theory of Holmes?

I.3 PURPOSE OF THE PAPER

1.    Students understand how to know the theory of data

2.    The writers hope the reader understands how to know the language contact as the cimmunication in that periode.

 

 

 

CHAPTER II

2.2 THEORY

Renaissance (France/United Kingdom Languages: Renaissance; Italy Language: Rinascimento; literally: rebirth) is a cultural movement between the 14th century to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the late middle ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. Enlightenment movement gives an extraordinary effect on all efforts to develop the science, but perhaps the most famous is the advancement of the arts and the contribution of the polymath best remembered (people who have a high Science in various sorts of things) like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, which led to the emergence of the term "Renaissance Men" (wikipedia.com).

            The Renaissance was first introduced in Western Europe, in Italy. This triggered the defeat of the Crusaders in the holy war. The defeat makes the thinker and artist shied from Eastern to Western Europe. They realize has been the start of the period to master technology. This makes the intellectuals and artists have great freedom because no longer have to think about finances and get protection from the curse of the Church. Discretion is supported by the absence of a dominant power in Florence. With great freedom, artists can get together and set up a collection of art that raised the name of many famous artists. Through these artists delegate work, work together, so they can educate the new talents. Debate with the importance of the century there was a consensus, although not approved by all parties, that the Enlightenment began in Florence in the 14th century. A variety of theories have been proposed to explain its origin and its characteristics, focusing on a variety of factors, including the special nature of social and societal Florence at that time included the political structure and the influence of life style (wikipedia.com).

Language shift is happening when someone or a group of people change the main language they use to communicate. This can be when the original language is replaced with regional languages or global languages, and language when the citizens of immigrants who began to be replaced with language that he lived. Understanding language shift is as follows:

According to Holmes (2001):

 “ Language shift is the procces by which a new language is acquired by new community usually resulting with the loss of the community’s first language, and the languages maintenance refers to the situation where speech community continues to use its traditional languages in the face of a host of condition that might foster a shift to another language. If languaage maintenance does not occur, there can be several result. One is language death; speakers become billigual, youger speaker become dominant in another language, and the language is said to die. The speakers or the community does not die, of course, they just become a subset of speakers of another language. The end result is language shift for the population, and if the language isn’t spoken elsewhere, it dies”.

Language shift towards other kebahasa because of the situation on the community itself therefore it uses language contact theory theory of Holmes in which the contact theory of language as communication from middle english to english rennanises. This theory goes into sociolinguistik which had a way to analyze a problem. There are four categories of dimensions according to Holmes as follows:

1.      social solidarity or Distance (distance/Social solidarity); refers to the use of language which is influenced by the proximity of the relationship or the equation of attitudes and values shared by the speakers and partners talk.

2.      The Status or power (status/power); refers to the use of language, which influenced the social status and power.

3.      Formulatisan (formality); refers to a variety of a language that are used based on the context of the situation.

4.      Function (affective and refensial); refers to the type of the message, the message can be a social/affective or informative/refensial (refential affectiveand).

 

 

 

2.2 CLARIFICATION

            United Kingdom language is language that is attentive to the word stress and sentence stress. United Kingdom language every word consists of one strong pressure and every sentence has a sentence stress. Sometimes the word stress has also become a differentiator between the words class noun and verb. As an example:

Verba	Nomina
‘Export	Ex’port
‘Import	Im’port
‘Record	Re’cord

The process of adaptation to strong word stress affects some loss of sound, some located at the beginning of the word (k-, g-, p-) and some is located at the end of the word (-e,-b). Examples of the sound of k-, g-and w-is know, knight, knee, gnat, gnaw, wrong, wry, wright, write. For example – e not sounded in some Modern English word here:

 

Modern English	Middle English
Starve	Sterve
War	Werre

In addition, the sound – b and – g-dilesapkan on cluster of consonants, such as in the words: bomb, wright, night, bought, debt, comb. The adaptation process also raises some effects, such as the emergence of some new vocals and a diphthong. The events of the birth of the diphthongs and vocal recently called The Great Vowel Shift. Here are a few significant changes (from Middle English to Modern English):

Middle English	Modern English	Contoh
[aː]	[ɛː], [eː]	make
[ɛː] raised to [eː]	[iː]	Beak
[eː]	[iː]	Feet
[iː] diphthongised to [ɪi]	[aɪ]	Mice
[ɔː]	[oː]	boat
[oː]	[uː]	boot
[uː]	[aʊ]	mouse

 

Not all words underwent a phase of the Great Vowel Shift. Like [ea] phonological changes are supposed to become [i:], but the following few words: great, break, steak, greaves, swear and bear are not subjected to such changes. Other examples such as broad changes that failed to be [o:] and father who also unsuccessfully undergone a change became [ɛː]. Shortening long vocal allows the occurrence of complications. [ea] is a good example in this respect, for example in the word dead, head, threat, wealth, etc. Double vowel/oo/also experience shortening of [u:] into [ʊ] in many cases, e.g. book, foot, good, and others.

The cause of the occurrence of the Great Vowel Shift still leaves a mystery in the world of Linguistics. However, some indicated that the mass migration theory to the southern part of the United Kingdom in the aftermath of the Black Death. The existence of differences of accent brought on the occurrence of modification of speech is among the few groups to make the standardnisasi pronunciation of the sound of the vocals. Different dialects and the rise of the standardization of the middle class in London triggered a change in pronunciation, which later spread to all corners of the city.

The sudden social mobility after the Black Death is probably the cause of the Black Death, where the people from the lower social classes moved into a higher social class. Another explanation suggests the language of the ruling class: speaking in the language of France but since the beginning of the 15th century, they speak in the language of the United Kingdom. This then lead to changes. Other influences are assumed to come from the political and social conditions in the 15th century, which then leads to the Great Vowel Shift. (https://littlestoriesoflanguages.com).

Middle english that time using the French language both from the Kingdom to the lower circles because they are affected by communication that only in the European kingdoms of that time with the use of the French language. Language contact occurs when it is a member of the Kingdom and the community involved communications using the contact in French. This happens because the factors:

Thomson (2001:17-21) explained that the factors that led to the occurrence of language contacts can be grouped into five. But here I will mention just two of them:

1.         The existence of two groups that moved into uninhabited areas then brand met there.

In this case, the two groups is not a native so that another does not vend or add to the territory. An example of such reason with language contact. like his thing in middle english the first time in the year 1066, William "the Conqueror" The duke of Normany (formerly a part of France), invaded and conquered England. This latest conqueror on the call in the call "the Normans" and they bring language French language sound like yg, yg then became the language of the people, and the language of the Government. At this time, there is a kind of linguistic difference in caste among the English-speaking lower class which the United Kingdom and upper-class people like royalty and French-speaking politicians. New on the 19th to 14 English became dominant again in the United Kingdom with additional vocabulary from French. It then calls the Middle English (language of United Kingdom pertengahaan). So from the above case that communication affects language contacts in every region of the country even.

2.    Displacement of one group to another group

This event can by peaceful means or may not be peaceful, but most of the purpose of this transfer is to be conquered and ruled the region from the original pengghunni. Any similar cases in the middle The Normans came from France and would like to have the land the British then finally defeated and sent the Royal family with that language.

Communication in the language of his generation with the contacts and selling in the market carried out by the common people in the territory of the United Kingdom. But at the time before the Norman comes to the UK still uses the English language. Finally the Rennainses begins the time when the English began to use the French language and start mumudar because the public want to start a free mind and art in this period.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER III

 

3.1 CONCLUSION

We can conclude that the history of languages about contact languages as communication influences languages in the middle until the renainsens because language in the middle english different with the rennains. It cause the communication influences the languages. Contact languages influences all the languages input such as verb, noun, syllable etc. It means that the languages is very important in the middle periode. 

3.2 SUGGEST

            Similarly, we can describe the material that is the subject of this paper, of course, there are a lot of shortcomings and weakness. Because they lack of knowledge and the lack of reference has to do with the title of this paper. Author much hope to the reader providing constructive criticism and suggestion for the perfect paper in the next paper.

            Writers believe there is no something perfect and immortal. Everything has goodness and weakness. Hopefully this paper is useful for writers in particular are also dear reader in general.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

C.Baugh, Albert. First published 1951. A History of the English Language. London: Longman. 2002.

Chomsky, Noam. 2000. Study of Language and Mind. Cambridge University Press: 2002.

Holmes, Janet. 1992, 1995. An Introduction To Sociolinguistic. London and New York: Longman. 1993.

https://littlestoriesoflanguages.com  (accessed on July 09rd, 2017)

www.wikipedia.com (accessed on July 09rd, 2017)