History of English Languange
1.1 BACKGROUND
Language is a means of communication
from the community who used to speak in everyday life. According to Noam
Chomsky (1957) language is a form of verse that according to rules or formulas
of grammar. Thus, language is a behavior that is set by formulas. Language is a
form and not a State (language may be the form and not matter) or something the
sound symbol arbitrer systems, or systems of systems (Mackey, 1986:12).
Language is one of the important things in life history then by human language
will communicate to achieve his goal.
Trudgill (1974:14) States that the
social function of language is to build social relationships and to convey
meaning in a speaker. Like his things stations language, the language became
the language of the national level and are used throughout the world as the
interaction to a stranger. English has also undergone a change. There are four
main periods in the development of the English language. Changes in English
many experience innovations that emerged concurrently including at the time of
Renaissance. This was early modern English, which is the third period of the
development happens on the 1500 to 1800. With the advance of development of
science at that time brought many words from Latin and classical Greece into
early Modern English. For pronunciation, grammar and spelling most of almost
the same. Vocabulary that exists is the result of two factors.
Thomson (2001:1) argues that
language is the event contact the use of more than one language in the same
place and time. The use of this language is not demanding speakers to speak
fluently as a person who could be two languages or more than two languages, but
the occurrence of two speakers communication different languages also
categorized as the event contact baahasa. For example, when two groups of
tourists mutually lend tools Cook for two or three hours, they surely will try
to communicate with each other, though perhaps in a very simple form, already
entered in your contacts. So the contact language is one of the events that
result in direct contact with the caller in ways to communicate using language.
Renaissance is the period in which
the English language began to rise again after the middle english and French
when it peaked to various circles and that's when the English began in the
twentieth century a.d. 1500. In this paper, I analyze consequences influences
contact us languages communication in middle english to the rennaissans
I.2
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATIONS
1.
What affects communication as a contact language?
(factor)
2.
How the communications community in using language
from middle english to rennainsse with the theory of Holmes?
I.3 PURPOSE OF THE PAPER
1.
Students understand how to know the theory
of data
2.
The writers hope the reader understands how
to know the language contact as the cimmunication in that periode.
CHAPTER II
2.2 THEORY
Renaissance (France/United Kingdom
Languages: Renaissance; Italy Language: Rinascimento; literally: rebirth) is a
cultural movement between the 14th century to the 17th century, beginning in
Italy in the late middle ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe.
Enlightenment movement gives an extraordinary effect on all efforts to develop
the science, but perhaps the most famous is the advancement of the arts and the
contribution of the polymath best remembered (people who have a high Science in
various sorts of things) like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, which led to
the emergence of the term "Renaissance Men" (wikipedia.com).
The
Renaissance was first introduced in Western Europe, in Italy. This triggered
the defeat of the Crusaders in the holy war. The defeat makes the thinker and
artist shied from Eastern to Western Europe. They realize has been the start of
the period to master technology. This makes the intellectuals and artists have
great freedom because no longer have to think about finances and get protection
from the curse of the Church. Discretion is supported by the absence of a
dominant power in Florence. With great freedom, artists can get together and
set up a collection of art that raised the name of many famous artists. Through
these artists delegate work, work together, so they can educate the new
talents. Debate with the importance of the century there was a consensus,
although not approved by all parties, that the Enlightenment began in Florence
in the 14th century. A variety of theories have been proposed to explain its
origin and its characteristics, focusing on a variety of factors, including the
special nature of social and societal Florence at that time included the
political structure and the influence of life style (wikipedia.com).
Language shift is happening when
someone or a group of people change the main language they use to communicate.
This can be when the original language is replaced with regional languages or
global languages, and language when the citizens of immigrants who began to be
replaced with language that he lived. Understanding language shift is as
follows:
According to Holmes (2001):
“ Language shift is the procces by which a new
language is acquired by new community usually resulting with the loss of the
community’s first language, and the languages maintenance refers to the
situation where speech community continues to use its traditional languages in
the face of a host of condition that might foster a shift to another language.
If languaage maintenance does not occur, there can be several result. One is
language death; speakers become billigual, youger speaker become dominant in
another language, and the language is said to die. The speakers or the
community does not die, of course, they just become a subset of speakers of
another language. The end result is language shift for the population, and if
the language isn’t spoken elsewhere, it dies”.
Language shift towards other
kebahasa because of the situation on the community itself therefore it uses
language contact theory theory of Holmes in which the contact theory of
language as communication from middle english to english rennanises. This
theory goes into sociolinguistik which had a way to analyze a problem. There
are four categories of dimensions according to Holmes as follows:
1. social
solidarity or Distance (distance/Social solidarity); refers to the use of
language which is influenced by the proximity of the relationship or the
equation of attitudes and values shared by the speakers and partners talk.
2. The Status
or power (status/power); refers to the use of language, which influenced the
social status and power.
3. Formulatisan
(formality); refers to a variety of a language that are used based on the
context of the situation.
4. Function
(affective and refensial); refers to the type of the message, the message can
be a social/affective or informative/refensial (refential affectiveand).
2.2 CLARIFICATION
United Kingdom language is language
that is attentive to the word stress and sentence stress. United Kingdom
language every word consists of one strong pressure and every sentence has a
sentence stress. Sometimes the word stress has also become a differentiator between
the words class noun and verb. As an example:
|
Verba |
Nomina |
|
‘Export |
Ex’port |
|
‘Import |
Im’port |
|
‘Record |
Re’cord |
The process of adaptation to strong
word stress affects some loss of sound, some located at the beginning of the
word (k-, g-, p-) and some is located at the end of the word (-e,-b). Examples
of the sound of k-, g-and w-is know, knight, knee, gnat, gnaw, wrong, wry,
wright, write. For example – e not sounded in some Modern English word here:
|
Modern
English |
Middle
English |
|
Starve |
Sterve |
|
War
|
Werre |
In addition, the sound – b and –
g-dilesapkan on cluster of consonants, such as in the words: bomb, wright,
night, bought, debt, comb. The adaptation process also raises some effects,
such as the emergence of some new vocals and a diphthong. The events of the
birth of the diphthongs and vocal recently called The Great Vowel Shift. Here
are a few significant changes (from Middle English to Modern English):
|
Middle
English |
Modern
English |
Contoh |
|
[aː] |
[ɛː], [eː] |
make |
|
[ɛː] raised to [eː] |
[iː] |
Beak |
|
[eː] |
[iː] |
Feet |
|
[iː] diphthongised to [ɪi] |
[aɪ] |
Mice |
|
[ɔː] |
[oː] |
boat |
|
[oː] |
[uː] |
boot |
|
[uː] |
[aʊ] |
mouse |
Not all words underwent a phase of
the Great Vowel Shift. Like [ea] phonological changes are supposed to become
[i:], but the following few words: great, break, steak, greaves, swear and bear
are not subjected to such changes. Other examples such as broad changes that
failed to be [o:] and father who also unsuccessfully undergone a change became
[ɛː]. Shortening long vocal allows the occurrence of complications. [ea] is a
good example in this respect, for example in the word dead, head, threat,
wealth, etc. Double vowel/oo/also experience shortening of [u:] into [ʊ] in
many cases, e.g. book, foot, good, and others.
The cause of the occurrence of the
Great Vowel Shift still leaves a mystery in the world of Linguistics. However,
some indicated that the mass migration theory to the southern part of the
United Kingdom in the aftermath of the Black Death. The existence of
differences of accent brought on the occurrence of modification of speech is
among the few groups to make the standardnisasi pronunciation of the sound of
the vocals. Different dialects and the rise of the standardization of the
middle class in London triggered a change in pronunciation, which later spread
to all corners of the city.
The sudden social mobility after the Black Death is probably the cause of
the Black Death, where the people from the lower social classes moved into a
higher social class. Another explanation suggests the language of the ruling
class: speaking in the language of France but since the beginning of the 15th
century, they speak in the language of the United Kingdom. This then lead to
changes. Other influences are assumed to come from the political and social
conditions in the 15th century, which then leads to the Great Vowel Shift. (https://littlestoriesoflanguages.com).
Middle english that time using the French language both from the Kingdom
to the lower circles because they are affected by communication that only in
the European kingdoms of that time with the use of the French language.
Language contact occurs when it is a member of the Kingdom and the community
involved communications using the contact in French. This happens because the
factors:
Thomson (2001:17-21) explained that the factors that led to the
occurrence of language contacts can be grouped into five. But here I will
mention just two of them:
1.
The existence of two groups that moved into
uninhabited areas then brand met there.
In this
case, the two groups is not a native so that another does not vend or add to
the territory. An example of such reason with language contact. like his thing
in middle english the first time in the year 1066, William "the
Conqueror" The duke of Normany (formerly a part of France), invaded and
conquered England. This latest conqueror on the call in the call "the
Normans" and they bring language French language sound like yg, yg then
became the language of the people, and the language of the Government. At this
time, there is a kind of linguistic difference in caste among the English-speaking
lower class which the United Kingdom and upper-class people like royalty and
French-speaking politicians. New on the 19th to 14 English became dominant
again in the United Kingdom with additional vocabulary from French. It then
calls the Middle English (language of United Kingdom pertengahaan). So from the
above case that communication affects language contacts in every region of the
country even.
2. Displacement
of one group to another group
This event
can by peaceful means or may not be peaceful, but most of the purpose of this
transfer is to be conquered and ruled the region from the original pengghunni.
Any similar cases in the middle The Normans came from France and would like to
have the land the British then finally defeated and sent the Royal family with
that language.
Communication
in the language of his generation with the contacts and selling in the market
carried out by the common people in the territory of the United Kingdom. But at
the time before the Norman comes to the UK still uses the English language.
Finally the Rennainses begins the time when the English began to use the French
language and start mumudar because the public want to start a free mind and art
in this period.
CHAPTER III
3.1 CONCLUSION
We can conclude that
the history of languages about contact languages as communication influences
languages in the middle until the renainsens because language in the middle
english different with the rennains. It cause the communication influences the
languages. Contact languages influences all the languages input such as verb,
noun, syllable etc. It means that the languages is very important in the middle
periode.
3.2 SUGGEST
Similarly, we can describe the material that
is the subject of this paper, of course, there are a lot of shortcomings and
weakness. Because they lack of knowledge and the lack of reference has to do
with the title of this paper. Author much hope to the reader providing
constructive criticism and suggestion for the perfect paper in the next paper.
Writers
believe there is no something perfect and immortal. Everything has goodness and
weakness. Hopefully this paper is useful for writers in particular are also
dear reader in general.
References
C.Baugh, Albert. First published 1951. A History of the English
Language. London: Longman. 2002.
Chomsky, Noam. 2000. Study of Language and Mind. Cambridge University Press: 2002.
Holmes, Janet. 1992, 1995. An Introduction To Sociolinguistic.
London and New York: Longman. 1993.
https://littlestoriesoflanguages.com (accessed on July 09rd, 2017)
www.wikipedia.com (accessed on July 09rd, 2017)
